Firmly rooted and supported by the church, when Usher seemed impregnable. However, some skeptics have introduced their own versions. A Calvinist lawyer and French Peyrère The postulated in 1641 that there had been people on earth before Adam. This was heresy and, of course, was banned by Cardinal Richelieu, prime minister of France. Essentially a pragmatic and fair man, however, he realized the effect that the manuscript could have Peyrereses in France. The
Peyrère maintains that freedom, but he withdrew his theories, possibly
in 1655 by invoking the wrath of the Catholic Church. He was arrested, buried and forced to recant his heretical views - well down lightly. Enter another player on the big stage - a Jesuit missionary Martino
Martini In addition, the realization of missionary work in China.
Chinese say that humanity had been destroyed by God in a great flood, who praised his statements with great hilarity and disbelief. His own story extended beyond the date of the call of the flood, and had a record to prove it. A reversal has taken place, with Martini realize that the ancient Chinese chronology poses a serious challenge to the authority of the Bible. In 1654 he returned to Europe, where he published an account of China's history, of course receive the usual disbelief and hostility that marked all other controversial ideas perpetuated in time. However, the arrest and prosecution was out of the question that Martini was returned to China to continue his missionary work. Europe continued its dyed-in-the-wool approach, but the thought has evolved slowly, with major intellectual shift away from biblical authority to textual research based on scientific principles. Across Europe, the cry was the same: rocks, do not believe the books to keep the secrets of the past. And indeed they did, and still do, and left to the philosophers of nature to verify the age of the world.
One of the most interesting concepts of the 17th century was that the Earth was created fully formed; flat, beautiful, spotless, disease, hunger, mountains or deserts stain his perfect face. A golden age existed before the flood, and age where all the blessings of God spread around the world - in short, a perfect God created a perfect world. But now things were in decline - the Earth had become old and wrinkled, volcanoes and deserts were Anthrax and scars on the face of the Earth. An ancient prophecy that the world would only last 6000 years has been confirmed by nature. The idea was that the Earth had run most of his days and the end of the world was not far, perhaps only 350 years in the future (assuming of course, the date of 4004 BC as the date of creation).
However, this idea of an age of the Earth has the idea of a changing world and a constant state of change in the front, and Rene Descartes led the break with the literal interpretation of the Bible. Reason was the reason. Paris, 1625, and our smart and sociable Descartes had become the leader in the intellectual life of Paris - a time when the free thinkers libertine left their mark. Caution was still the time and an eye is kept open for gathering storm clouds in the sense in Rome. Giulio Vanini, MD "heretic", had his tongue cut out before being strangled and burned six years ago express some anti-religious views. Inevitably, the storm broke and Descartes moved to Holland, a country that has always had a tradition of tolerance and liberalism that endures to this day. He began his philosophical treatise, The world would be a more complete discussion of the philosophy that finally published in 1641.
However, it was a watered down version of the original manuscript it was a bad time for liberal thinkers. Galileo was recently arrested and forced to recant his heretical views that the Earth revolved around the sun View of Descartes the world was essentially simple laws that govern the universe, and these laws were what created the complex world around us . The world had the same relationship with God as a watch had the watch manufacturer - once it had been carefully built and launched, had little creative participation. His latest achievement was to remove God everyday world. Hitherto believed that God was intimately involved in the day to day, minute by minute the world works. God could have created the world, but then governed by the laws of nature.
Newton then swept vague theories of Descartes with his Principia - the laws governing the movements of celestial bodies are now defined in detail. However, its seems to have lost his intelligence and the last years of his life trying to relate the history of ancient kingdoms and biblical chronology in the case of astronomical events - the arrival of eclipses and comets - but with very limited success.Your friend Edmond Halley then came up with the theory that the age of the Earth could be estimated by the amount of salt in the sea. By measuring the rate of increase in the salinity of the sea, and assuming that the salt had been washed into the oceans on a consistent basis, it would be possible to work back to a time when the oceans contained no salt at all, which will give the age of the earth. In 1715, it was a fantastic idea, but not less Edmond Halley, knew how to measure the salinity increases over time in years and concluded that it would be necessary to conduct a century apart to make observations sense. Methuselah However, despite his famous life was no longer alive, so it was impossible.
Georges Louis Leclerc de Buffon was next to estimate the age of the Earth. It was very well connected to the French court and had the ear of most crowned heads of Europe. Clever, hard work, and somewhat eccentric, who proposed the idea that the age of the Earth could be estimated by the rate at which it cools.It heats metal spheres and felt the heat loss rate to cool, then extrapolates this to the largest of the Earth, settling on the age of 75 000-168 000 years. It was a big jump in the 6000 years of theory and was nearly excommunicated for their problems. Being an astute political animal, he retracted his heresies, but then proceeded to repeat your affirmations for the rest of his days.
Charles Darwin, apparently satisfied with the creation of the dispute, but brave enough to do it anyway, suggested that the Earth 300 million years. This date was so controversial that is retired from his Origin of Species. The great Lord Kelvin, who stood on Victorian science like a colossus, Darwin assumed the task of some of his claims, saying the cold earth is not more than 24 million years were downgrading from a initial 400 million figure. However, despite phenomenal intelligence Kelvin, who was unaware of the invisible source of deep heat with the earth - radioactivity - that drives the engine of our planet. Radioactivity is a concept to which we are accustomed to in the popular press, nuclear energy and its use in the field of medicine. But Kelvin day was still unknown, and it is thanks to the pioneering work of Marie and Pierre Curie that radioactive material was found and isolated. Earnest Rutherford then offered the world an explanation of how everything worked, and the energy released in the process - which in turn provide a mechanism to keep the interior of the Earth at high temperatures. Other big names in nuclear physics come from this period - Bohr, Heisenberg, Thompson, Chadwick and of course Einstein. The properties of the atom and the elements become more and more understood and radioactive isotopes and chemical elements.This understanding of the radioactive half-life has become central to the dating of rocks, Professor Arthur Holmes of the University of Durham took a spear and put methods used today. The technique is based on the work of Rutherford 1904, when it was discovered that the disintegration of a carbon element to another at a sufficiently predictable rate, so they can be used as clocks.
Holmes measure the decay rate of uranium to lead, and used to calculate the age of the Earth. Despite the lack of funds and sophisticated equipment, announced in 1946 that the Earth was at least 3 billion years. His methods were met with praise, but the date was not. But he was much closer to the mark had been Kelvin.Since the pioneering work of Holmes, Clair Patterson of the University of Chicago accepted the challenge. The problem of dating the Earth is that you need almost as old rocks, and these are rare bike course through the crust due to plate tectonics. Besides uranium crystals are required in these rocks. Patterson made the assumption that if all the lead on Earth comes from the radioactive decay, then it would be easy to find the age of the Earth. The more lead, the oldest rock to be contained. In fact all the lead on Earth did not come from the uranium and it was impossible to separate lead primordial "- which had existed since the creation of the Earth, which is derived from radioactive decay. To work around this thorny issue, was another brilliant hypothesis that meteorites were left on the construction equipment from the early days of the solar system, and thus lead content would be the same as that of the early Earth. Perhaps more important is that the uranium content changes the clock. None of the initiative in meteorites then come from radioactive decay. Harrison Brown, director of Patterson said:
"Pat, you just go in and get an iron meteorite - I'll find it for you, we will remove lead from the iron meteorite You measure isotopic composition and paste it into the equation and you will be ... famous because you measured the age of the Earth. "Patterson took seven years to build a laboratory all lead to a result that dated back to Earth 4550000000 years. After 300 years in the past we had a date for the beginning of the world. And this figure still stands to this day.
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